Myeloma
Myeloma, often called multiple myeloma, is a type of blood cancer that begins in plasma cells, a kind of white blood cell found in the bone marrow. In myeloma, abnormal plasma cells multiply uncontrollably, producing large amounts of abnormal proteins (M-proteins or paraproteins) that can damage the kidneys, bones, and immune system.
This disease most commonly affects older adults and can weaken bones, reduce healthy blood cell production, and impair the body’s defense against infections.
Types of Myeloma
1. Multiple Myeloma
- The most common form
- Abnormal plasma cells grow at multiple sites in bone marrow
- Causes bone damage, anemia, and kidney issues
2. Solitary Plasmacytoma
- A single tumor of plasma cells, often in bone
- Can sometimes progress to multiple myeloma
3. Smoldering (Asymptomatic) Myeloma
- Early stage without symptoms
- May progress to active multiple myeloma
Causes and Risk Factors
The exact cause is unknown, but factors that may increase risk include:
- Age – most cases occur after 60
- Family history of myeloma
- Male gender
- Exposure to radiation or toxic chemicals
- Obesity and chronic inflammation
- Pre-existing conditions like MGUS (Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance)
Symptoms of Myeloma
Many patients may not notice symptoms early. Common signs include:
- Bone pain, especially in back or ribs
- Frequent fractures or weakened bones
- Fatigue and weakness (due to anemia)
- Frequent infections (weakened immunity)
- Kidney problems
- Unexplained weight loss
- Numbness or weakness in legs (spinal cord compression)
Persistent or severe symptoms should be evaluated by a doctor promptly.
Diagnosis and Tests
Tests to confirm myeloma may include:
- Blood tests – to detect abnormal proteins and calcium levels
- Urine tests – to check for Bence-Jones protein
- Bone marrow biopsy – to identify abnormal plasma cells
- Imaging tests (X-ray, MRI, CT, PET) – to detect bone damage
Treatment Options
Treatment depends on disease stage, symptoms, and patient health. Options include:
- Chemotherapy
- Targeted therapy (e.g., proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory drugs)
- Immunotherapy (monoclonal antibodies, CAR-T cell therapy)
- Stem cell (bone marrow) transplant
- Radiation therapy for localized bone damage
- Supportive care (bisphosphonates for bone health, dialysis for kidney issues)
Advances in therapy have greatly improved survival rates and quality of life for patients with myeloma.
Living with Myeloma
Ongoing management and supportive care are vital:
- Pain management and physiotherapy
- Balanced diet and nutritional support
- Infection prevention and vaccinations
- Support groups for emotional wellbeing
- Financial and social support services
Get Involved
You can make a difference in the fight against myeloma:
- Donating to research foundations
- Volunteering for patient care programs
- Raising awareness in your community
- Becoming a stem cell or blood donor
Need Support?
- If you or someone you know is affected by myeloma, we're here to help. Contact us at [85 85 85 88 28].